北京市核医学科辐射安全管理现状与对策研究

通过对核医学科辐射安全管理现状的调研，结合辐射安全日常监督检查情况，基于北京市的实际，通过研究、分析、归纳、概括，理清了北京市核医学科辐射安全管理中存在的突出问题，针对问题依据现有法律、法规对北京市核医学科辐射安全规范化管理提出对策，以确保辐射安全、促进行业健康发展。     

省级辐射事故应急演习存在问题及对策研究

本文概述了2014年以来全国各省开展省级辐射事故应急演习的基本情况和特点，对演习中在预案修订、实战性、规范性、应急准备能力等方面存在问题进行了分析，并提出了针对性对策建议，为今后各省改进演习工作提供参考和借鉴。     

El papel de la resonancia magnética multiparamétrica en el diagnóstico de la recidiva local tras la prostatectomía radical y antes de la radioterapia de rescate

PurposeAssess multiparametric-MRI (mp-MRI) diagnostic accuracy in the detection of local recurrence of prostate cancer (PCa) after radical prostatectomy (PR) and before radiation therapy (RT).Materials and methodsA total of 188 patients underwent 1.5-T mp-MRI after RP before RT. Patients were divided into 2 groups: with biochemical recurrence (group A) and without but with high risk of local recurrence (group B). Continuous variables were compared between 2 groups using Student-t test; categoric variables were analyzed using Pearson chi-square. ROC analysis was performed considering PSA before RT, ISUP, pT and pN as grouping variables.ResultsPCa recurrence (reduction of PSA levels after RT) was 89.8% in group A and 80.3% in group B. Comparing patients with and without PCa recurrence, there was a significant difference in PSA values before RT for group A and for PSA values before RT and after RT for group B. In group A, there was a significant correlation between PSA before RT and diameter of recurrence and between PSA before RT and time spent before recurrence. The mp-MRI diagnostic accuracy in detecting PCa local recurrence after RP is of 62.2% in group A and 38% in group B. Diffusion weighted imaging is the most specific MRI-sequence and dynamic contrast enhanced the most sensitive. For PSA = 0.5 ng/ml, the AUC decreases while sensitivity and accuracy increase for each MRI-sequence. For PSA = 0.9 ng/ml, dynamic contrast enhanced-AUC increases significantly.Conclusionmp-MRI should always be performed before RT when a recurrence is suspected. New scenarios can be opened considering the role of diffusion weighted imaging for PSA ≤ 0.5 ng/ml.     

High-grade meningiomas in octogenarian and elderly patients: A population-based SEER analysis

Knowledge on high-grade meningiomas in octogenarian and elderly patients is limited. We aimed to analyze the outcomes and identify factors that influence overall survival (OS) in this population, using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Patients (≥80 years old) diagnosed with high-grade meningiomas between 1990 and 2016 were retrieved from the SEER database. According to treatments received, patients were classified into three groups: observation, radiation only, and surgery (with or without radiation). A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Based on the inclusion criteria, 678 patients with high-grade meningiomas were included. Surgery was the most common treatment modality. The median OS was 32 months for patients who received surgery, compared with 20 months for observation (p = 0.001).The factors significantly associated with OS on multivariate analysis included increasing age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.353, p < 0.001), diagnosis after 2008 (HR 0.693, p = 0.022), and surgical treatment (HR 0.807, p = 0.028). Further analysis revealed increasing age (HR 1.451, p = 0.003), and subtotal resection (HR 1.275, p = 0.043) were significantly associated with worse OS following surgery. This is the largest clinical study of high-grade meningiomas in octogenarian and elderly patients conducted thus far. Age, treatment modality, and year of diagnosis were associated with OS in octogenarian and elderly patients with high-grade meningiomas. Patients who received subtotal resection had a worse prognosis than gross total resection.     

锥形束CT在鼻泪管阻塞性疾病辅助诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨锥形束CT （CBCT）在鼻泪管阻塞性疾病辅助诊断中的应用价值。方法 选取2018年1月至2020年8月在中国人民解放军总医院眼科门诊就诊的鼻泪管阻塞性疾病患者104例，按随机数字表法分为观察组及对照组，各52例，观察组患者采用CBCT检查鼻泪管，对照组采用CT泪道造影检查鼻泪管。观察并比较两组患者鼻泪管的影像解剖形态、解剖参数（骨性鼻泪管长度、中段管径最小横径、管径最小面积）及剂量长度乘积。结果 两种成像方法均可清楚观察患者骨性鼻泪管的解剖形态，清晰显示骨性鼻泪管的阻塞情况及周围组织结构。两组患者鼻泪管斜冠状位的长度、中段最窄处的横径及横截面积比较，差异均无统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组患者剂量长度乘积为50.35 mGy.cm，是对照组剂量长度乘积的1/6左右。结论 与CT泪道造影比较，CBCT成像可以精准显示鼻泪管阻塞性疾病患者鼻泪管引流状态，明确阻塞部位和程度，且具有辐射剂量低、空间分辨率高等优点。     

基于方剂数据分析的中药用量历史变迁规律研究

目的：分析不同朝代方剂中药剂量单位及其用量的历史演变规律，为中药临床用量提供参考。方法：对《中医方剂大辞典》中收载的九万余首方剂信息进行结构化和标准化处理，构建方剂数据库，并参考文献，对不同年代的用量单位按照现代单位进行了换算，采用断代史研究方法，分析方剂中药用量的演变规律。结果：筛选有中药组成的方剂8万4千余首，涉及用量单位375个，体积单位包括升、合等149种；数量单位86种；重量单位有两、钱等63种；长度单位包括寸、尺等7种，面积单位3种；历代使用频数最多的用量单位是“两”，达一半以上，其次是钱，以清代和民国时期使用频率最高。为了探究中药每日内服用量的规律，我们筛选了13,834首能代表每日服用剂量的内服方剂，有确切用量记载的药物频次81 830次，其中以长度为单位的中药平均长度为10.19 cm；以体积为单位的中药平均体积为753.24 mL；以重量为单位的中药频次是80 135次，平均重量为21.46 g。不同朝代内服方剂单味药一日平均用量唐朝最大，达到82.53 g，其后用量减少，至明以后用量与现代相差不大，多为10 g左右。结论：本研究首次基于大样本量的方剂数据，采用剂量换算和断代史研究方法，分析了不同历史时期中药用量的概貌和演变规律，发现了历代中药用量差异很大，是受诸多因素的影响。现代临床的中药用量，不应局限于古代文献记载，而应根据当前药物的特点，药材性效毒性的变化以及病人的病情、体质等灵活运用，方能达到药到病除，发挥中药的原创优势。     

The Lived Experiences of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer during Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy Care Process

Purpose: An exploration of concurrent chemoradiation therapy care process from the perspective of patients with head and neck cancer can provide an insight to their lived experience and the difficulties they encounter in daily life towards a deeper understanding of this phenomenon to shape nursing service delivery. The aims of this study were to explore the lived experiences of patients with head and neck cancer while receiving concurrent chemoradiation therapy. Methods: Data were generated from individual in-depth interviews with fifteen head and neck cancer patients, according to the semi-structured interview guidelines, at the out-patient radiation oncology department, Chulabhorn Cancer Center, Bangkok, Thailand. Results: By using Graneheim and Lundman’s content analysis, three categories from the data analysis of patients with head and neck cancer receiving concurrent chemoradiation therapy were isolated: 1) overwhelming information, 2) unpleasant symptom cluster, and 3) strategy for adherence to treatment regimen. Conclusion: The findings help to provide a better understanding of the lived experiences of patients with head and neck cancer during concurrent chemoradiation therapy, in terms of their suffering from various unpleasant side effects and how these impact their life along the treatment journey. This perspective on the care process in these patients enhances the development of a nursing care model based on patient-centered care toward positive patient outcomes.     

Adult parameningial alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: Case report and literature review

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) represents the most common childhood soft tissue sarcoma, but they are rarely seen among adults. Most of the protocols for adults are adapted from pediatric protocols. Here we report a case of a 53-year-old woman diagnosed with a nasal alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, stage IV at diagnosis, treated by chemotherapy (a regimen inspired from the pediatric protocole pEpSSG RMS 2005) which led to partial response followed by chemo-radiotherapy. We performed a systematic review of adult head and neck ARMS and found 29 cases. Primary chemotherapy with different protocols (VAC, VAI or VIE) should be done followed by surgery and/or external beam radiotherapy (preferably with IMRT). EBRT seems beneficial to every ARMS with a dose around 50 Gy in a conventional fractionation, eventually completed with a boost on residual tumor. The target volume must be defined on pre-chemotherapy imaging. Brachytherapy and proton therapy are under evaluation.     

Adverse events due to unnecessary radiation exposure in medical imaging reported in Finland

IntroductionAdverse events in radiology are quite rare, but they do occur. Radiation safety regulations and the law obligate organizations to report certain adverse events, harm and near misses, especially events related to patients' health and safety. The aim of this study was to describe and analyse incidents related to radiation safety issues reported in Finland.MethodsThe data were collected from incident reports documented by radiology personnel concerning notifications of abnormal events in medical imaging made to the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority between 2010 and 2017. During these eight years, 312 reports were submitted. Only events reported from radiology departments were included; nuclear medicine, radiotherapy and animal radiology cases were excluded. The final number of reports was 293 (94%).ResultsThe majority of the 293 approved reports were related to computed tomography (CT, 68.3%) and to X-ray examinations (27.6%). Altogether 82.9% of those irradiated were adults, most of whom were exposed to unnecessary radiation through CT (86.5%), 5.5% were children, and 4.4% pregnant women. The most common effective dose of unnecessary radiation was 1 mSv or less (89.7% of all examinations). The highest effective doses were reported in CT (from under 1 mSv–20 mSv and above). The reasons for the adverse events were incorrect identification (32%), incorrect procedure, site or side (30%); and human errors or errors of knowledge (20%).ConclusionAdverse events occurred especially in CT examinations. It is important to collect and analyse incident data, assess the harmful events, learn from them and aim to reduce adverse events.Implications for practiceThis study emphasizes the need for radiological personnel to obtain evidence-based information on adverse events and focus on training to improve patient safety.